Matt Rouge gives us another insightful guest post, this time exploring the possibilities inherent in higher dimensions of reality. Enjoy!

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When we ask ourselves whether the Afterlife exists and make attempts to explore its nature and properties, we are, by implication, trying to explain Reality itself. Thus, it’s no surprise that Michael has written many posts about the nature of Reality on this blog, one of which was the recent The VR Thing. This post dealt with different levels of reality: is our experience “less real” at a lower level (this world) but “more real” at a higher level (the Afterlife)?

In the post, Michael provides several famous quotes that reflect this view, as well as a concise summary of his virtual reality model:

[E]arthly life is a fully immersive role-playing game. This game is designed by our higher self, with which we are in only tenuous contact while embodied. The game is meant to be challenging and instructive. The stakes are, in one sense, real — we gain real wisdom and personal growth. In another sense, the stakes are illusory —[film critic Roger] Ebert's “elaborate hoax.”

As so often happens, this post led to an interesting discussion in the comments, with many concurring to some degree with the view that “realness” can vary. The question was also raised of how the game-like aspect of the model can jibe with the seriousness of human suffering.

On the whole, the VR model appeals to me as a New Ager. We regularly talk about “dimensions” and “Ascension,” the process by which we as individuals and the physical world is rising through dimensions and increasing in vibration. I think the concept of dimensions matches well the VR model, which requires at least two: the less real or “hoax” dimension and the more real or “Higher Self” dimension. Since VR is based on some concept of information, could it be that information itself transforms based upon the dimension in which it is experienced or “presented”? Further, is it possible that our perception of “less real” and “more real” is based upon the interrelationship of information and dimension?

I think so.

Most of us have probably played the video game Tetris at some point. Pieces come down from the top of the puzzle, and the player must to rotate them so that they form solid horizontal lines, which disappear, making room for more falling pieces. Let’s take a look at the pieces:

 

Tetris

 

In the second dimension, the three pieces on the left have no chirality (they are the same as their mirror image), whereas the four on the right (two pairs) do have this property (they are different from their mirror image). Those who have played Tetris will know that it is easier to deal with the three pieces on the left than the four on the right: the latter require more brainpower to understand what spaces they will fit when rotated.

Yet, the four pieces on the right completely lose this limitation in the third dimension, since we can simply pick them up and flip them over. In 2D, the green L-shaped piece is an object different from the yellow reversed-L-shaped piece. In 3D, aside from their color, they are the exact same object.

Chirality also exists in the third dimension. I first learned the word when I worked in the drug industry, as molecules can be chiral. A good everyday example is gloves: a glove for the left hand is the same for the right, except for chirality; yet this simple difference prevents a glove for one hand from being worn on the other. In the fourth dimension, however, a glove for the left hand can simply be “flipped over into” a glove for the right hand. The “flipping” process is very difficult for us to imagine, since we are used to 3D geometry; nevertheless, in 4D, a left-handed glove is the exact same object as a right-handed glove.

These are examples from geometry, but the properties of higher dimensions, as we New Agers understand them, are not limited to those pertaining to physical space. Further, “information,” as understood in the VR model, refers to much more than concrete objects and mathematically definable objects; the term would relate to virtually (no pun intended) everything we can experience, including emotions, abstractions like “justice” and “beauty,” and thought itself. Chirality, or an analogous property (binary or otherwise), could apply to any aspect of or thing within Reality; indeed, even to the category of real/unreal itself.

For an example of this, we turn to the book Reimagination of the World: A Critique of the New Age, Science, and Popular Culture by David Spangler and William Irwin Thompson (Bear & Company, 1991). (I was turned onto this book by a very smart guy named Jason Wingate, who has commented on this blog in the past.) The two authors have been leaders in the New Age movement, and their intellectual depth is impressive. Although the book is 25 years old (and some of its content comes from lectures older than that), I am pleasantly surprised at how consistent it is with current New Age thought. Or perhaps I shouldn’t be surprised if in fact our philosophy and model of Reality is “right” or “righter,” relatively speaking, than some others.

On page 120, David Spangler writes,

You may remember the story of Flatland, in which a two-dimensional square encounters a three-dimensional sphere. At first, the square cannot comprehend what the sphere is because it has no experience of that third dimension along which part of the sphere’s being extends. Viewing the sphere along the linear dimension of the two-dimensional plane that is the square’s home, the sphere appears cut up into a succession of ovals. Our experience of higher dimensional beings can be very similar.

When we try to imagine these beings, we often leave out these additional dimensions. The result is to flatten them into human caricatures. This may be important for us to initially contact and understand one of these entities, but we should remember that it is a simplified representation, often bearing as much relationship to the real entity as a stick figure does to one of Michelangelo’s paintings.

I’ll note in passing that Michael has cited on multiple occasions on this blog the novel Flatland by Edwin Abbot (1884). On page 130 of Reimagination, in a different chapter that comes from a lecture, there is this interesting exchange that deals directly with the matter of “realness”:

AUDIENCE PARTICIPANT: Are you saying that the beings who come through channels, like Ramtha and Ma Fu and Lazarus, aren’t real or are only psychological crutches? […]

DAVID: […W]hether these beings are real or not is less important to me than the impact our images of these beings can have in our lives. […] The job of the inner worlds is not to tell us how to live but to empower our ability to unfold our own higher dimensionality. We are not born individuals so we can turn our individuality over to another being, becoming a clone of his or her opinions, beliefs, and attitudes. We are individuals so that we can add a unique perspective to the universe and make a unique contribution to a higher geometry of co-creation and compassion.

Whether these beings are real or not in themselves, as they enter into our nested sphere, into our dimensionality, they must take on characteristics that allow communication to take place. In many instances, this means entering into a body of manifestation that is built up from the unconscious needs and desires of the channel and of the audience. In this instance, the being speaks to us through an interface that is part window, part mirror. […]

Channeling is an art. We oversimplify it when we think of it as an entity entering into a person’s body. That image really belongs to an earlier conception of the body and soul as truly separate things. These images abound in our spirituality and metaphysics: the body as vehicle, the soul as driver, and so on. The relationship is really more subtle and complex. The body is part of the soul and vice versa. They interrelate and co-create each other in profound ways, and both are aspects of a larger geometry that might be called our spirit. […]

Wow. There is nothing here that doesn’t sound completely fresh, modern, and insightful to me. In the space of a few paragraphs, he has cogently commented on many issues that this blog has explored, including the “transmission model” of consciousness (I think he implies here the hybrid model, which I myself believe). Further, I think Spangler’s words have deep implications for the VR model itself: instead of there being a pure dichotomy of hoax versus real or game versus higher purpose, we may be experiencing tiered co-creation in which the levels are interdependent and the hierarchy can find itself turned on its head. His use of the word “interface” is perhaps also not coincidental.

Let’s look at an example of how a channeled entity that is “unreal” here could be “real” in a higher dimension. Leonora Piper (I cited the Psi Encyclopedia!) was a famed medium whose “control,” or guide to the spirit world, in many sittings was “Phinuit.” This spirit talked about himself as though he had been a real person on earth, but research failed to provide verification of his actual existence (there is a lot about this issue at the link).

Spangler’s viewpoint, however, shows us how a spirit like Phinuit could still be “real” on some level. Phinuit could be both window and mirror, a co-creation of himself, Piper, and the sitters.

Further, going back to the example of chirality, from the viewpoint of the spirit in his higher dimension, it may appear that the “unreal” facts of his life on earth are no different than facts that to us are “real.” As we progress to higher dimensions, some differences may disappear, yet new ones may appear. The chirality of Tetris pieces disappears in 3D, but the chirality of gloves appears (since 3D objects can’t exist in 2D) and then disappears in 4D. Similarly, some distinctions between real and unreal may appear and then disappear as we go up from 3D.

The issue of human suffering may also transform as we progress through the dimensions. If you grew up a Christian as I did, you probably heard something to the effect that God would right all wrongs and dry all tears. This may be a metaphor for what I speculate “actually” happens: the “information” of suffering does not disappear in higher dimensions but rather transforms into something bearable, perhaps even desirable. Frequent commenters Art and Bruce tend to emphasize Oneness and Love as the ultimate Reality. In contrast, among the regulars here, Eric and I have tended to insist that evil is an actual issue that can’t be waved away (though I would also say we do not necessarily disagree with Art’s and Bruce’s observations, generally speaking). Perhaps we are all correct. Perhaps Oneness and Love are the “end result,” not because other aspects of reality simply go poof, but because they exist in a different manner in higher dimensions.

Obviously, this is a big topic, and I find it hard to think of any neat conclusion to my speculations and observations above. Perhaps, in a higher dimension, one already exists.

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  1. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Er, sorry:
    http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/06/16/fear-of-dying-alone-the-state-of-japans-aging-population/
    “As of October 2014, 26% of Japan’s population was aged 65 years old or over, making it the world’s fastest aging nation. That percentage is expected to increase to 40% by 2060.”

  2. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Matt said, “what did people use to do in offices without an Internet connection or even a computer?”
    Well, I can tell you—they worked! They didn’t check their email, they didn’t look at porn or ebay or Amazon.com on the internet because there was no internet. They didn’t look at Michael Prescott’s blog or Netflix! They worked! Most of all, they didn’t have to spend hours trying to figure out what was wrong with their computer or why a program which once worked, now wouldn’t.
    Workers clocked-in on a time clock and usually took off a half hour to eat their ‘sack lunch’ which they prepared in the morning before they left for work. Some people brought their lunch in a ‘lunch bucket’ along with a thermos of soup or beverage which they ate in a ‘lunch room’, not at their desks. I don’t recall that there were a lot of vending machines then other than one for candy bars and gum. Where I worked there were no hour-and-a-half lunches at Maldener’s Restaurant or half hour breaks in the morning and afternoon. Workers were expected to work, not take breaks. Most of them were conscientious workers because they needed a job and feared being fired. (There was no Public Aid, you know!)
    I remember when electric typewriters came along and how wonderful they were—so much faster and easier to operate than the manual typewriter on which I learned to type and yes, there were classes in high school where students (mostly girls) learned a typing method. Typing speed was something to be practiced and those who achieved sixty words per minute were to be envied. Knowing how to type saved me from combat duties in the Combat Engineers of the 5th Army just prior to the Viet Nam war so I was so glad that I had taught myself to type.
    Everything had to slow down then. Copies of letters were made by using carbon paper in the typewriter—sometimes three or four carbons— and ‘heavens to Betsy’, don’t make a mistake because all of the carbons had to be corrected. (And, this was before the time that liquid “white out” was invented. There were little pieces of paper with a white chalk-like material on them which one could place over the error and retype it hoping that some of the chalk would come off obliterating the error so that it could be retyped correctly.) Carbons looked smudged and often were difficult to read and many times the original had to be retyped several times before a ‘clean copy’ was achieved—very aggravating if carbon copies were involved.
    There were no copy machines. To make multiple handouts or tests for kids at school there was the mimeograph machine. A smelly dark blue stencil of sorts had to be typed on a typewriter and then run off on a machine some of which had a manual crank which had to be hand-turned for each copy. The chemicals used in the machine and the odor from them probably rotted many a teacher’s brain cells. (At least this is what I thought had happen to Miss Grisham, my eighth-grade teacher who delighted in giving tests.)
    In the middle 60s I remember the early computers required data to be entered on ‘key-punched’ cards which were made by a room full of ‘key-punchers’ who had to type them. I was hired by the State of Illinois to be a key-puncher at which I failed miserably compared to the experienced female ‘secretaries’ who were moving-up to higher wages by learning how to key-punch. At the end of my shift I was lucky to have punched 50 cards while the secretaries punched hundreds. (I was the only male key-puncher in a large room filled with 50 or 60 women.)
    Accounting had to be done by entering numbers into a ledger book with calculations done with an “adding machine”, often a non-electric one cranked by hand. That took time, so accountants and others were busy most of the day hunched over their account books.
    So—you see Matt, that’s some of what people did in offices before there were computers. – AOD

  3. Eric Newhill Avatar
    Eric Newhill

    “Right, our world is no more fake or real than any other. I think perhaps Ebert’s observation that this is a “hoax” means perceiving its arbitrary nature.” – Matt
    I agree with your FR position and everything else you’re saying.
    I think people don’t like to see it this way because it is kind of unsettling. It is more reassuring to imagine that this world is just a dream and that we then “wake up” to the real – and better – thing. That’s what I have been arguing against here for a while. We are understanding that one just wakes up to another VR/FR reality of, perhaps, different perceptual quality and range, but arbitrary and fiat nonetheless.

  4. Douglas Avatar
    Douglas

    Hi Kathleen, yes, while Downton Abbey is fun, it is fantastical in that the impassable class barrier between masters and servants was far more rigid than depicted.
    The class system in Britain at this time was verging on a caste system!
    There is no way a young unmarried girl from a ‘good’ background would risk her future reputation and marriage options (her eligibility as Jane Austin would say) on some fling with the gardener.
    People are often quick to cite Lady Chatterley’s Lover, but in that story the circumstances are quite different: the main character is already married and ‘secured’ so she doesn’t have as much to lose. She can carry on whatever shenanigans she likes with the gardener as long as she keeps it discreet.
    Of course, it’s a different story for ‘eligible bachelors’ who can no doubt get away with a tumble in a broom closet with a maid servant without great risk. Of course if the maid servant in question becomes pregnant then she will be dismissed; it was after all ‘her fault’.
    I’m glad that the British class system is largely gone now. Celebrities are the new aristocrats – the original aristocrats, while still around, are largely irrelevant to modern British society.
    Ah, what great times back then… not!

  5. Michael Prescott Avatar

    For what it’s worth, I do think of this life as less “real” than the life to come. This is consistent with statements made by mystics throughout the centuries (see Plato’s cave), as well as many reports of near-death experiencers and claims attributed to after-death communicators. It’s also arguably consistent with the well-known phenomenon of a dying person’s life passing before his eyes as if it were a dream. Even now, when I look back on large parts of my own life, those times seem to have passed astonishingly quickly, almost like a dream.
    There is a certain comfort to be taken from this idea, but that fact in itself doesn’t invalidate it. Sometimes what appears to be too good to be true actually is true.
    I think some people are drawn intuitively to a more negative perspective. Those who are materialists will often argue that there is no ultimate purpose in a random, arbitrary, accidental universe and that we must have the courage to accept this fact without flinching from it. Those of a more spiritualist bent will accept the idea of an afterlife but reject the idea of an ultimate controlling intelligence (God) and emphasize the alleged randomness and injustice of it all. Of course, the undeniable pain and suffering of life on earth provides some basis for this position. Then again, if all that pain and suffering is ultimately as fleeting as the disturbed feelings of a passing dream, then it seems less consequential.
    There’s no way to resolve this difference of opinion, since it comes down to two different attitudes about the best way to look at things. Is the glass half empty, or is it half-full?
    Or is it … maybe … completely full?

  6. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Michael wrote,
    ||For what it’s worth, I do think of this life as less “real” than the life to come.||
    I think it’s arguable, depending on what one means by real.
    In the next life, the physics, the “design” of the whole thing, is going to be “VR” in the same way our own world is. I think that is true unless one is in Void or Source. But there are definitely aspects that will make that world seem “more real” than ours:
    1. Perfect physical state, perfect senses.
    2. Can’t die and no entropy: that world is not “fleeting” like ours.
    3. Extremely intense beauty and exquisite emotions.
    4. Closer to Source, since the vibration is higher.
    There are also factors that could make that world seem less “real” in some sense:
    1. No death, no risk, no “stakes.”
    2. No linear progress as on Earth (birth to death); more of a sense of being and less of becoming.
    Don’t get me wrong, Michael and Eric, my whole post is about how higher dimensions are almost certainly more intense and “bigger” in every way: physically, emotionally, spiritually. I’ve explored a bit in my dreams and other mental states, and there is some amazing stuff going on. But the VR/FR aspect continues insofar as there is any arbitrary aspect to one’s experience.
    I’d love to hear your further thoughts on this, Michael!

  7. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    AOD,
    Certainly a lot of your experience overlaps with life in the 70s and 80s. We had mimeographs throughout high school (I was class of ’89). My dad had old school adding machines in his accounting practice even in the mid-80s.
    My first job out of college was teaching English in Japan: no computers. At my next job, in 1994, I had my own PC and was hooked up to a computer network, though not the WWW. After that, I always worked with a computer of some sort, though in the 90s we certainly did a lot with faxes.
    But… you didn’t quite answer my question. You say people worked. I can well imagine what factory workers and other hands-on people did before computers in the office, and the punch cards are a good example… But I am curious what management did in their offices until the 80s and 90s. Heck, most managers did not even type until the 90s: there were secretaries for that.
    I suppose it was a lot of meetings and yapping. I have heard that the pace of business used to be quite slow with a lot of middle managers. Now, of course, any manager would be expected to type, handle all correspondence, and do his or her own spreadsheets.

  8. Art Avatar
    Art

    \\”Those of a more spiritualist bent will accept the idea of an afterlife but reject the idea of an ultimate controlling intelligence (God) and emphasize the alleged randomness and injustice of it all.” – Michael Prescott//
    —————
    We only assume it’s random because we’re too stupid to figure it out. Dr. David Bohm said that there is a much deeper hidden reality that we aren’t privy to which gives rise to our Universe – which is consistent with the holographic universe theory. It is Bohm’s theory of the implicate and explicate universe.
    Teachers make out very detailed lesson plans. The more detailed the lesson plan the more effective the teacher. At the top of every lesson plan there is a very clearly stated objective about what the student will learn by the end of the lesson. The more in control the teacher is the more effective she is as a teacher. If you have disruptive students it is very difficult to teach.
    If you were a really smart “god” you would design a Universe where the students are “immersed” in the school and are educated without them even knowing it. Another words they learn “holistically” where their lessons are embedded in their everyday lives as they simply go through the process of living.
    And since there is a very close connection between emotion and memory – the more emotion that is evoked in the lesson the more the students will remember what they learned.
    And perhaps life has to be the way it is in order to overcome the lack of time and space and those overwhelming feelings of oneness and connectedness on the other side, Bohm’s explicate dimension or universe, and Michael Talbot’s holographic film that gives rise to our Universe, and the Christian version of Heaven which are all one and the same place.
    All those bad things we see around us are actually teaching us very important things, separation, time and space, what it’s like to be limited to a body and control that body, and what it was like to live in a place where time only flows one way and there are only three dimensions instead of 10 or 11 dimensions. And the emotion we feel helps us remember those lessons.
    Emotion make the memories last
    http://www.webmd.com/balance/news/20050131/emotions-make-memory-last

  9. Paul Avatar
    Paul

    Or maybe the glass is the wrong size.

  10. Lynn Avatar
    Lynn

    Its world population though Matt. Currently 7.4 billion, predicted to be 11.2 billion by 2100.
    Lyn x.

  11. Eric Newhill Avatar
    Eric Newhill

    “There’s no way to resolve this difference of opinion, since it comes down to two different attitudes about the best way to look at things. Is the glass half empty, or is it half-full? ” – MP
    Well, I have to admit that in some part my perspective is colored by my crusty anti-utopian perspective. However, among other contributing factors, my ideas on this topic are formed by the evidence from ADCs.
    I have never been the recipient – nor read of – an ADC where the spirit talks about having arrived at some ultimate state of knowledge, reality or communion with God. Rather, it is more like they have awoken from one dream into another. That said, we can take some comfort in their statements that the new dream is often beautiful and more free in some important ways.

  12. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Matt,
    I was too young to know what the manager really did. Fresh out of high school I worked for a women’s clothing and accessories store as a ‘window decorator’ in a town of about 80,000 people. The manager and owner of the small store was Mr. Campbell who happened to live across the street from where I lived in a middle class neighborhood. (Apparently Mr. Campbell was not getting rich from his clothing store.) I think he would come early to open the store in the morning and stay late to close the store in the evening. I saw him doing a lot of ‘management by walking around’, as he was not only the owner/manager he was also the supervisor—ultimately, of all of the employees. I think he had an assistant, a man who was also the women’s coats department head; a wiry young guy whose name was Kenny.
    Mr. Campbell established policies and procedures for how the store would be run and had meetings with a small number of department heads. I don’t think he typed but he did have a secretary who took his dictation and typed-up his policies, merchandise orders and letters etc. He had to approve orders for merchandise from his department supervisors before they were placed with suppliers. I also think there was a separate payroll person who tabulated the time cards and issued the payroll checks to employees each week. Whether or not he signed them, I have forgotten.
    Of course he was concerned with making a profit so I guess that he spent a lot his time looking at the bottom line in the accounts for each department as well as complying with city and State rules and regulations and seeing that bills, taxes and other fees were paid in a timely fashion. Whether or not he smoked in his office—a common activity then—I don’t know but smoking was prohibited by the fire-safety regulations on the merchandise floors.
    Overall I would say that he was an easy-going family-oriented guy, low-key and always friendly to his salesclerks. Some of his time was spent promoting or participating in community projects and downtown preservation efforts so he may not have spent all of his time behind his desk at the store. – AOD

  13. Michael Prescott Avatar

    In corporate management, I think a lot of time was spent on letters and memos. At least this is the impression I get from old movies, where the manager is always saying, “Miss Shuttlecock, take a memo!”
    A certain amount of time was also spent chasing Miss Shuttlecock around the desk.
    Seriously, I think managers of that day did pretty much the same things they do now, only they had to rely on letters and memos rather than email, and they had to read typewritten spreadsheets rather than consulting a computer.

  14. Lynn Avatar
    Lynn

    “A certain amount of time was also spent chasing Miss Shuttlecock around the desk”.
    Love it, so true!
    When I was a teenager I went to work for my uncle’s engineering firm as his secretary for the holidays. I was doing typing at school and went from “the quick fox jumps over the lazy dog” to massive typing machines that did plans.
    Anyway, talk about men that flirt over the phone with the secretary, and one who wanted to take me back to work in his car “as its going to rain”. Yea sure.
    Had one of those funny synchronicities of sorts the other day. When I think the powers to be are just having a bit of fun.
    Went to the movies in Bangkok, and never before have I tripped. So I miss my step and cheese popcorn goes everywhere. I’m picking it up when I spy a rat running around. I sit down and I swear I feel something brush my leg. Feeling paranoid I go and tell the staff and he comes back so apologetic and gives me the honeymoon seat up the back.
    Ha ha, these things happen, you trip, but it had to be “cheese popcorn”. Lyn x.

  15. Juan Avatar
    Juan

    “I have never been the recipient – nor read of – an ADC where the spirit talks about having arrived at some ultimate state of knowledge, reality or communion with God. Rather, it is more like they have awoken from one dream into another. That said, we can take some comfort in their statements that the new dream is often beautiful and more free in some important ways.”
    That is secondary. The primary questions still have evidence of higher quality and confirm that this evidence is about the consciousness of deceased human beings.

  16. Julie Baxter Avatar
    Julie Baxter

    “AOD, your comments about Downton Abbey are funny. I loved the series, but it was incredibly unrealistic the way it depicted the relationship between servants and masters,” – Kathleen
    I don’t think it was nearly as unrealistic as you imagine. The English aristocracy have always been known for their tendency to maintain good personal relationships with their longstanding and trusted family servants plus an overall attitude of noblesse oblige. It’s the middle and upper-middle classes who traditionally behave shabbily towards those whom they consider less important than themselves.

  17. Bruce Siegel Avatar
    Bruce Siegel

    Julie said:
    “It’s the middle and upper-middle classes who traditionally behave shabbily towards those whom they consider less important than themselves.”
    Interesting, Julie. I suspect you may be right. It’s probably not all that wise to bet against Julian Fellowes on his home turf.
    I would imagine, too, that households might differ considerably as to how close the upstairs folk allowed themselves to get to the downstairs.
    In any case, the guy knows how to hold our interest.

  18. Douglas Avatar
    Douglas

    Julie said:
    “It’s the middle and upper-middle classes who traditionally behave shabbily towards those whom they consider less important than themselves.”
    You’re right.
    However, many of these great houses in the later Victorian and early Edwardian age were owned by middle class ‘nouveau riche’ industrialists, who lacked the ‘tory paternalism’ of the aristocratic old guard who they aped in every other regard.
    I suppose the family in Downton Abbey are meant to be old guard.

  19. Julie Baxter Avatar
    Julie Baxter

    The middle class Victorians housed their servants in the attic. The Aristocrats provided (and still do provide) cottages on their country estates. Working for Aristocratic families was, and still is, a very secure and privileged position in life for those who prove themselves trustworthy.

  20. Julie Baxter Avatar
    Julie Baxter

    Ps. Also, it’s said that true nobility of character is found only within the aristocratic and the working classes. The rest are too busy climbing over each other in their attempts to get ahead.
    Other than among their social peers (of whom there are relatively few), aristocrats rarely have the opportunity to establish genuine personal friendships.
    The aspiring middle classes would seek such friendships out of personal/material ambition and the great unwashed would have almost no opportunity at all for social contact. So, what’s left but the tried and trusted family servants?
    Even so, there have always been powerful social barriers to prevent such friendships from becoming regarded as equal.

  21. Michael Tymn Avatar

    Michael,
    I haven’t read Laura Hildebrand’s book, because I read Lou Zamperini’s autobiography from the 1950s and also interviewed him for a national magazine in 2001. He seemed very straight-forward and I didn’t feel he was embellishing anything. In fact, I was hoping to get an NDE out of his plane crash experience, when he was underwater for a long time, but he made no attempt to add to what was in his original book. It would be interesting to compare his original autobiography with what Hildebrand wrote. My blog on Zamperini can be seen at
    http://whitecrowbooks.com/michaeltymn/month/2014/12/

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