Though it's been mentioned in the comments, I'd like to call additional attention to Stephen E. Braude's reply to Tom Butler's criticism of his work with Kai Mügge. His detailed response can be read here. (It has been posted via Dropbox, but you do not need to have a Dropbox account to read it or download it.)

In contemporary parapsychology, Braude is one of the very few serious researchers into physical and materialization mediumship, areas that have historically been plagued with fraud and ambiguity. For several decades the Society for Psychical Research largely refused to conduct any investigations into such claims, having found that virtually all cases they did examine proved fraudulent. The credibility of mediumship in general was severely undermined by public exposures of fake mediums of the physical/materialization type, carried out both by enterprising newspapermen and by Harry Houdini. The decline of widespread public interest in Spiritualism dates to this period.

Accordingly, it's only common sense to approach the subject with a degree of skepticism (healthy skepticism, not dogmatic Skepticism). And it's essential to be honest and open about any findings, even if they might be harmful to the medium or to some larger agenda. At the same time, owing to the tricksterish nature of these phenomena, it's necessary to avoid jumping to conclusions or painting with too broad a brush.

This is a difficult balancing act, but Dr. Braude has managed it throughout his career. His ongoing investigation of Kai, whatever its controversies, is one more important contribution to this perplexing field.

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  1. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    OK Juan. I guess we see things differently. – AOD

  2. nbtruthman Avatar
    nbtruthman

    Eic Newhill: ||At any rate, bottom line, IMO, is that the physical realm is merely a dense level of particle vibration that is willed together by some kind of consciousness.||
    At least for us there really is in practice an objective reality that is independent of (human) consciousness. If it is really “willed together” the willing is done by something entirely different than human consciousness in any form.
    ||So working on the distinction between a “living” agent and a “deceased” spirit has it all wrong. That perspective and any theories arising from it is based on an undue emphasis on dense vibrations of energy (spirits with bodies) versus less vibrations of energy (spirits without bodies).||
    This is not necessarily a truth; it is an assumption based on a particular point of view that there exist both spirits with bodies and spirits without bodies. Some proponents of super-psi as an explanation for mediumistic communication would contend that it is more parsimonious to assume that the only spirits that exist are ones with physical bodies, namely ourselves. This would still accept the real existence of psi phenomena as indicative that human consciousness has some nonlocal aspects or is nonphysical in some ways. This point of view would not necessarily imply that consciousness is ultimately all there is, “The Thing” as you put it.

  3. Roger Knights Avatar
    Roger Knights

    Tonight, Saturday, at 10 PM Pacific, Coast to Coast radio will have this program:

    In the first half, joining Dave Schrader (email), Michael Weston talks about portraying Houdini in the FOX TV Series Houdini and Doyle. Then, researcher and astrologist David Jaher, will discuss his new book, “The Witch of Lime Street” about Margery the Medium, who came to embody the raging national debate during the 1920s over Spiritualism with her most vocal advocate, Sherlock Holmes’ creator Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, believing thoroughly in her powers, while Harry Houdini was convinced she was nothing but a charlatan. In the latter half, author and Doyle researcher, Matt Wingett, will trace Doyle’s journey, by the letters and articles he wrote exclusively for Light, a magazine dedicated to the mystical and occult.

  4. Eric Newhill Avatar
    Eric Newhill

    nbtruthman, “This would still accept the real existence of psi phenomena as indicative that human consciousness has some nonlocal aspects or is nonphysical in some ways.”
    That makes no sense to me. How can something that is local – a physical body and brain – produce non-local effects?
    You’re going to have to explain to me how you get to have your cake and eat it too.

  5. Juan Avatar
    Juan

    “OK Juan. I guess we see things differently.”
    It is fine that you are skeptical of ectoplasm, mediums only physical, etc., but you have to admit that all psychic researcher has addressed the spiritual through the physical.

  6. Juan Avatar
    Juan

    “Some proponents of super-psi as an explanation for mediumistic communication would contend that it is more parsimonious to assume that the only spirits that exist are ones with physical bodies, namely ourselves.”
    1. For the experience of some mediums, that’s like saying that it is more parsimonious to say that the others are contructs of our psyche and not really other (solipsism), that is, something absurd. The problem is that not everyone is medium.
    2. The spiritualist hypothesis is more parsimonious when no living being has any motive to do that, but a deceased, which occurs in the “drop-in” communications.

  7. nbtruthman Avatar
    nbtruthman

    Eric Newhill: “How can something that is local – a physical body and brain – produce non-local effects?”
    A quantum-mechanical example: perhaps entanglement effects could enable biological structures in the brain to still affect matter at external locations (including other brains) and be similarly affected (in this hypothetical example consciousness is assumed to be trapped in physical brains because it is a function of them). An analogical example: Perhaps the brain and its consciousness (assumed in this example to be inextricably bound up in the brain’s biological structures) can be considered like a radio transmitter/receiver, where it can affect and communicate with an external T/R. In both hypothetical cases, consciousness has “nonlocal” effects even though that consciousness is trapped in the physical brain.
    I don’t really consider such ideas viable, but I can see how some parapsychologists and other at least partially open-minded thinkers try to accept the reality of psi effects as a minimum violation of materialistic principles while refusing to accept survival (which has even bigger theoretical problems and exceeds their “boggle threshold”). It does seem to be kind of like wanting to have their cake and eat it too. This would account for the apparent attractiveness of super-psi or living-agent-psi as an explanation of mediumistic communication.

  8. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Eric,
    ||That makes no sense to me. How can something that is local – a physical body and brain – produce non-local effects?||
    Except, if we go back to Leibniz insights with the monads, we can see all of reality as non-local. Isn’t locality ultimately arbitrary? Certainly consciousness is non-local, no?

  9. James Oeming Avatar
    James Oeming

    Off topic:
    Here is a web page with links to over 100 free psi-related ebooks. Most are old; many are from the 1800s. Works by a number of respected psi investigators are included. Names well-known to the psi community include Emamuel Swedenborg, Arthur Findlay, Sir Oliver Lodge, and Sir William Crookes, to name a few. Here’s the link:
    http://www.spiritwritings.com/library.html

  10. Kathleen Avatar
    Kathleen

    Speaking of non-local effects, there’s one example that is pretty common: the feeling of being stared at, and you ARE being stared at. I wonder if any experiments have ever been done on this?
    Another is when pets know before hand when their owners are coming home (see R. Sheldrake’s “Dogs Who Know When their Owner Is Coming Home”).
    It’s not really a local effect, but here’s also many animals’ homing instinct, not just pigeons, but the many pets who’ve been documented finding their owner’s new home hundreds of miles away.

  11. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    James Oeming,
    Bookmarked, thanks!

  12. lynn Avatar
    lynn

    Amos
    Have been busy so just saw your post about dimmers. No the light didn’t blow, or ever do that again and works fine. I think he did it, my dad that is (my personal view), as my sister was over visiting me in Thailand. Lyn x.

  13. Cyrus Avatar

    I haven’t read through all of the comments, but the people saying that apports are never personal and it’s always “just junk” are wrong. Check out the recently translated YouTube documentary about Marcello Bacci, the ITC experimenter from Italy. Apports began dropping on the camera crew. A woman was interviewed who had received a highly symbolic gift from her deceased son during a visit to Bacci’s. Private circles I am familiar with regularly produce apports, and they are almost always significant in some way.

  14. Cyrus Avatar

    In response to the notion that Scole was a fraud because the seances seemed to end before the infrared tech came–I don’t see how this argument somehow disproves the research conducted at those seances by qualified scientists.
    Further, another poster on here was mocking the Scole “alien” that was on tape. A very strange looking creature with blinking black eyes. Well guess what? That IS the proof that people otherwise demand via infrared tech. But, once you receive it, then suddenly the video has to be CGI. Anything can be CGI these days. There is NO amount of evidence from video that would be entirely convincing.
    I think it’s very likely the group ended before the place became a tourist attraction and the life of the medium became a farce of investigators and Skeptics trying to get their next big story.

  15. Kathleen Avatar
    Kathleen

    Cyrus, I wasn’t mocking the Scole alien, just using a little bit of humour. I’ve puzzled over it, and wondered, if it is trickery, just how it was done, because it’s really good. Sure, someone in Hollywood could come up with something like that, but these were older people in Britain in the ’90s. And that of course is just one of the many interesting images they came up with.

  16. Juan Avatar
    Juan

    “Private circles I am familiar with regularly produce apports, and they are almost always significant in some way.”
    However these situations should be made public if they are what they seem because of their enormous importance for all us.

  17. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Cyrus,
    I am not impressed with the Bacci videos but unfortunately I do not understand Italian that well so the English translation was all I had to go on. The few apports, i.e., two rose (viola) petals, stones seem very mundane to me. Very little coverage was given to the “highly symbolic” apport as the video quickly went on to other things.
    If there is a video providing better information please provide the link. In the video I saw the so-called apports were found on the floor by people just walking around. An explanation that occurred to me was that Bacci had these small things in his pants pocket and the pocket had a small hole in it through which Bacci would push the ‘apport’ which travelled down his pant leg , landing quietly on his shoe an then on to the floor as he walked around the room.
    I also thought that the video was edited badly ignoring a response from the spirit when a question was asked by skipping to another scene.
    I need better evidence for apports than this video. – AOD.

  18. Alan Avatar
    Alan

    “In response to the notion that Scole was a fraud because the seances seemed to end before the infrared tech came–I don’t see how this argument somehow disproves the research conducted at those seances by qualified scientists.”
    Absolutely. The implications of Scole should be met head on. So, other intelligences coming into our “space” is one – from their own level of existence.
    Physics posits multiple universes, multiple dimensions etc., but the issue of “existence” and consciousness in those alternate realties hasn’t been addressed by physicists. Obviously very hard and there’s little motivation. It’s enough trouble positing them let alone working out what their properties are to support C.
    Of course, there is one example – us. A 4D spacetime with quantum properties supports C, but clearly re Scole, there are intersection properties of those other spaces with ours. A physics problem.

  19. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Cyrus wrote,
    ||Private circles I am familiar with regularly produce apports, and they are almost always significant in some way.||
    As I said, I could be wrong. In reports I’ve read, the evidence has sounded fishy. They’ve always been small and ordinary objects (i.e., easily obtained, hidden, and produced). I’m curious how spirits would get hold of coins and things like that… it’s a bit odd when you think about it. But any of the following would greatly impress me:
    1. Objects of a large size that would be hard to hide and produce.
    2. Objects not of earthly origin: unusual technologies, minerals, other substances, etc. Please no extraterrestrial viruses, however.
    3. An object belonging to a specific person that could not possibly have been reproduced. Something long lost or destroyed would be even better.
    4. Notes from or images of the deceased in Afterlife.

  20. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Very good points Matt. – AOD

  21. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    All one has to do to debunk the Scole Experiments is duplicate the exposed film examples. I don’t know what to think of the Scole experiments overall but surely someone out there , some magician that is, could duplicate the film exposures. Come on now, Skeptics, let’s get serious and duplicate those film experiments. – AOD

  22. Vitor Avatar
    Vitor

    A new article wants to destroy the evidence for survival by NDE’s cases, includind the case of Pam Reynolds:
    http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/5/2/18/pdf
    “Here, we should recollect that OBE testimony may be inaccurate or patently false, as with (the late) Pam Reynolds, despite her worldwide notoriety concerning the account given of her brain operation. We know her anaesthetic lasted >6 h, and her verbatim account comprises ~725 words ([4], p. 37; [39], p. 184). In recalling her ND/OBE, she declared she was “sitting on the neurosurgeon’s shoulders with heightened visual acuity”, but Reynolds erroneously failed to understand: (1) that her head was turned on its left and held there by a 3-pointed mechanical brace; (2) that her hair had not been completely shaved; (3) that she was unable to state where the bone saw was used; (4) that despite her grandstand view and hence before her very eyes, she astoundingly failed to recognize that the surgeon was removing a large circular flap of her skull in order to assess the feasibility of operating, as well as to provide access for himself; (5) that she mistakenly alleged that the bone saw and femoral vein cannulation were consecutive procedures: they were, in fact, simultaneous. That had to be, because organising the extra-corporeal circulation and cooling system to support her body and brain during the next operative phase would take a long time, yet it had to be in place when the surgeon was ready to proceed further and remove the life-threatening bulge on her artery; and (6) next we have to consider that she heard the saw, despite wearing ear plugs. But no-one seems to have realized (not even the medically-qualified Dr. Sabom) that she would have heard the sound of the saw as a result of normal bone conduction through the auditory division of the 8th cranial nerve, thus by-passing the blocked ears. In this case, the blocked ears now become completely irrelevant! The situation obtaining here is precisely analogous to the buzzing tuning-fork test employed by placing it on the front of any patient’s forehead (in ENT clinics) to assess whether there is an air-conduction defect (commonly blocked with ear-wax) on one or other side. In addition, she would have literally “felt” the saw’s presence and especially its vibrations as it ripped through her skull. Those latter sensations-sound,touch, vibration—would have been conducted through her (posterior) dorsal columns, and onwards towards her thalamus, and thence into consciousness. This is directly analogous to the dentist’s drill which, no doubt, we have all felt—and heard.The laterally-placed spino-thalamic tracts of the spinal cord would not have played much role. So there is nothing unusual about the fact of she heard the saw and its pitch, even though she could not say, amazingly, where it was being used! Clearly, it seems apparent that she was not out of her body on that fateful morning.
    The crucial outcome here, so far unappreciated, concerns where her mind/consciousness actually were during the 6+ hour period of anaesthetic unconsciousness, given that the sparse 725-word report offered contained remembered cerebral events which could only have lasted a few minutes in real time. Surely a mind or consciousness freed from physical (cerebral) constraints, as written about by van Lommel [8], should be able to do better than that! So this critical question remains: where was her brain and what exactly was it doing when it was supposedly outside her body for that very long, blank period exceeding 6 h of real time? The answer is that it was firmly within her skull, as also her consciousness—or mind. What is clearly evident is that Reynold’s case provides no exemplary proof of anything.”

  23. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Victor,
    “So this critical question remains: where was her brain and what exactly was it doing when it was supposedly outside her body for that very long, blank period exceeding 6 h of real time?”
    What a stupid, stupid question. – AOD

  24. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Sorry I had to compose myself for a few moments. If one has about an hour to read the dissertation that Victor linked I think it would be time well spent. It seems to be a materialist’s attempt to regard all NDEs and OBEs as the normal functioning of the brain. It reminds me of another anesthesiologist’s views, known here and on other sites. I can’t say much about it as I don’t have time this morning to read all of the 25 pages but let me quote one example provided in the paper and comments by the author.
    “Following a heart attack ([6], p. 79), a subject meets his father deceased 15 years previously ‘…dressed just like he used to be…in grey trousers and a cardigan. He hadn’t changed a bit. We chatted quite naturally [about the family] and he joked…’ The obvious questions are: had his father ever undressed and showered? And while showering, were his old grey trousers and cardigan laundered?”
    I don’t even know how to respond or comment about that example. What say you? – AOL

  25. Alan Avatar
    Alan

    Amos
    “All one has to do to debunk the Scole Experiments is duplicate the exposed film examples.”
    You’d have to duplicate the lights as well and a mathematician present during one session advanced the idea of a parallel universe in respect of these. They landed on and went inside his hands.
    You sound like you must “debunk” at any cost. Why?

  26. SPatel Avatar
    SPatel

    @Vitor:
    IIRC there’s a rebuttal that’s either already out or coming out soon to a lot of this.
    Will ask around.

  27. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Vitor,
    Read what you quoted and peeked at the beginning of the paper as well. It certainly is hard to sort out everything: Skeptics try their best to negate every single detail, while proponents tend to be more reasonable yet of course have an incentive to portray accounts in a positive light. It would be nice to read a rebuttal to Marsh’s paper.
    Marsh writes,
    “Most recollections are intensely geo-physical, anthropomorphic, banal and illogical: their dream-like fantasy provides nothing revelatory about life without a brain, or importantly, about other supposed cosmic contexts.”
    I don’t know about “geophysical” and “anthropomorphic”; these would seem to indicate that most accounts take place in space (though not “here”) and in the body, which sounds correct, though I don’t find those things to be negatives for our side of the story.
    I have read more than a few NDE accounts, and to call them “dreamlike” is tantamount to a willful misrepresentation, inasmuch as experiencers insist that they are *not* dreams. Moreover, as we have pointed out many times here on this blog, there’s no reason for NDEs to be anything *but* random dreams or hallucinations if they *are* in fact random dreams or hallucinations.
    “Banal” is a matter of opinion. NDEs tend to include some pretty basic spiritual content which I suppose Skeptics are bound to consider worthless. “Illogical”–I haven’t seen this. I did a search on the term in the paper, as well as on “dream,” and the author does nothing to provide examples of why he finds NDEs to be dreamlike or illogical; he simply asserts that they are so. I did not, however, read the whole thing, so he may have provided examples, albeit not in direct connection with these two words.
    As for NDEs not providing information about life without a brain, that isn’t true either: more than a few experiencers have talked about trans-physical states, but such are very hard to describe using ordinary language.
    I have done a bunch of research myself about translating dreams into memory. I’ve gotten in the habit of noting, in regular or lucid dreams, my experience and seeing how I remember it later. In general, it’s quite difficult to convert dreams into regular waking memories, and some people barely remember any at all. For this reason, the fact that Pam Reynolds remembered one thing but not another is hardly damning, and we don’t have her to talk to now (as she is deceased) to fill in those details. There is also the curious fact that people undergoing ordinary anesthesia very rarely report NDEs. If it were so easy to confabulate an OBE related to a surgery, one would expect people undergoing surgery to report them all the time. They don’t. And those who *do* report them having undergone general anesthesia or simple unconsciousness (as opposed to cardiac arrest), such as Nanci Danison and the woman who was knocked unconscious by an IED in Iraq (I forget her name) seem to have a different type of experience. (NDEs that arise from an acute fear of death, as in a fall, seem similar to those arising from cardiac arrest.)
    Skeptics are required to negate everything little thing, but our side does not require *everything* to be true, only a few things. My belief is based on an aggregate of the evidence. The Pam Reynolds case is pretty impressive, but I don’t require it to believe that something is going on.

  28. Alan Avatar
    Alan

    Matt
    “In general, it’s quite difficult to convert dreams into regular waking memories, and some people barely remember any at all.”
    I write them down straight away no matter how small and this helps to get a pattern of remembering.

  29. Juan Avatar
    Juan

    “So this critical question remains: where was her brain and what exactly was it doing when it was supposedly outside her body for that very long, blank period exceeding 6 h of real time?”
    The author will not mean mind rather than brain?
    “What is clearly evident is that Reynold’s case provides no exemplary proof of anything.”
    The case in insolation is not proof of something but in conjunction with other NDEs, especially considering lucid and ordened experiences while neural activity collapses and veridical and extrasensory experiences, completely ignored by the author, it points to an afterlife.

  30. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Juan,
    What you said. It is the pattern to be perceived in the aggregate evidence that can convince if one is open.

  31. Matt Rouge Avatar
    Matt Rouge

    Interesting case of a possible spirit photograph taken on the scene:
    http://fizzxo.com/photo-fatal-motorcycle-crash-powell-county-circulates-online-stanton-kentucky/

  32. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Alan, what do you think would be easier to do: to duplicate the light phenomena at the Scole experiments or to duplicate the writings and images on the unexposed film?
    Sorry to say but ‘a mathematician’—just ANY mathematician I suppose—advancing a theory of parallel universes to explain the light phenomena at Scole is like advancing a theory that the lights were fairy dust. It’s meaningless. – AOD

  33. SPatel Avatar
    SPatel

    Here’s the new proponent book on NDEs:
    https://www.amazon.com/dp/0997560800/?tag=iandsorg-20

  34. Alan Avatar
    Alan

    Amos
    “Alan, what do you think would be easier to do: to duplicate the light phenomena at the Scole experiments or to duplicate the writings and images on the unexposed film?”
    Not sure I get your drift … but say the lights under the conditions present and what was actually seen of them and how these lights manoeuvred, you would need sophisticated holographic projection equipment which had tactile properties for the projections – i.e. people could feel the lights – which they did.
    No such equipment was found in the Scole cellar during searches, which would have to be operated in real time with the investigators present. BTW, no such has been invented (then or now).
    The mathematician was Prof. Ivor Grattan-Guiness, you can get his interview on what he witnessed at Scole on the web. Talks about parallel universe. Cheers.

  35. Ian Avatar
    Ian

    Does anyone know of any genuine physical mediums from the past? If you look up into this subject all of the mediums were caught in fraud…
    Mina Crandon, Helen Duncan, Florence Cooke, Kathleen Goligher, Jan Guzyk, William Eglinton, Carlos Mirabelli, Ada Besinnet, Davenport brothers, Einer Nielsen ·
    etc… all caught in acts of deception employing tricks like charlatans.
    I look at photographs online of ‘ectoplasm’ and they are nothing more than cheesecloth or gauze. ·
    I don’t get why some folk still cling to this stuff. It has highly damaged the view of psychical research amongst the press and public. I believe we should distance ourselves from such fraud and focus on robust evidence from ESP experiments or valid mental mediums.
    ·

  36. Vitor Avatar
    Vitor

    This case is, let’s say, a replication of Runki’s leg case:
    https://youtu.be/6fxm5M6gpwU

  37. nathan Avatar
    nathan

    Hi Michael – I’ve always found Professor Braude to be one of the most credible and clear minded writers, and thinkers in the parapsychology space.
    (I like his books – have read a fair amount of his “field reports” over the years, watched some of his interviews – and whatever credibility I give to physical mediumship in 2016, pretty much emanates from my faith in the rigor of his approach to validation and ruling the obvious – and the obscure, out)
    That said – and while I don’t want to denegrate the seriousness of the organizations involved in this “in house disagreement” – I DID notice that Jock Brocas – the “President” of the organization listed on the doc (ASSPR?) and owner of the publication where one of Tom Butler’s responses was published (and per Braude’s response – the person the article was erroneously credited to him as well, putting him somewhere front and center in this story) is a well known con artist/grifter with a history of newsworthy scams that have cost people money.
    http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/debt-gym-boss-becomes-60-1052479#ZoDzEXepo5vcghEK.97
    http://www.martialartsplanet.net/forums/showthread.php?t=93728
    (I know this from the martial arts world – a community where Jock told a lot of tall tales and was pretty universally known to be a person not to be trusted and entire forum threads like above were dedicated to his stories 🙂
    So I’d advise – if Professor Braude doesnt’ know this, and is publishing in publications owned/managed or touched in any way by Jock Brocas – he probably should! 🙂
    (because that work – no matter how good – by dint of association – is NOT going to stand scrutiny if anyone with Google and a few hours of free time start to poke around 🙂

  38. Paul Avatar
    Paul

    Thats not true Ian. Leslie Flint was not. Emily French was not. Alec Harris was not.
    I think you also need to distinguish between accusations of fraud and actual fraud.

  39. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Alec Harris is reported by his wife Louie Harris to be able to translocate his physical body from one room to another or from an upstairs bedroom to outside the front door. I find that report difficult to believe and for that reason I discount most of the Alec Harris story. – AOD

  40. Paul Avatar
    Paul

    You’re welcome to discount anything you haven’t seen for yourself of course. That’s not the same as calling fraud.
    I don’t think I’d write someone off who has a great deal of witness testimony quite as easily as that. Quite a few mediums have reports of translocation. Quite a few non mediums too!
    A good friend of mine has direct experience of Alec Harris. I wouldn’t say he was lying or wrong and under the circumstances it’s reasonable to assume he probably wasn’t deceived. This doesn’t mean I fully accept everything element gospel but only because, for me, somethings need to be seen to be believed.

  41. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Paul,
    After extensive reading about and studying reports related to the paranormal, with a couple of exceptions I am ready to discount it all. I admit I have not seen or experienced any of it myself. Most of what I understand about it comes from hearsay information. I believe, from many years of experience that humans are prone to imagination and fabrication when they report what the think they have heard or seen. – AOD

  42. Paul Avatar
    Paul

    I think that’s a matter for you. Personally I’d say it may be true based on extensive reading on the subject and discussions with eye-witnesses.
    In any event, I think it possible to discount any particular line of evidence regarding mediumship and survival, or any individual medium without significantly affecting the overall body of evidence as it is so extensive and diverse.
    Discounting isn’t necessarily the same as calling fraud.

  43. Amos Oliver Doyle Avatar

    Hey Paul, I thought you might ask me what my “couple of exceptions” were. (Actually I have more than just a couple.)
    First of all I think that the Leonora Piper case spanning a period of many years under the watchful eyes of several very perceptive men is a case that is difficult to refute or discount if you will.
    Second I think that the Patience Worth case is difficult to explain especially if one considers all of the materials produced by Patience Worth and Pearl Curran and their method of production over a period of almost 25 years.
    Chico Xavier comes in third after Patience Worth producing 100s of books through automatic writing.
    The modern mediums, Christopher Stillar, John Edward and George Anderson each have some amazing ‘hits’ which are difficult to explain and the related study by Gary Schwartz of Edward and Anderson and others seems to provide very good evidence that those men were doing something above the normal abilities of most people.
    And of course, I don’t know what to think of D.D. Hume but he produced some amazing effects that haven’t been adequately explained in my opinion.
    Certainly I agree that discounting is not the same as calling fraud. That is why I used the word discounting rather than fraud. You see, I try to pick and choose my words carefully especially in this age of disinformation. – AOD

  44. Paul Avatar
    Paul

    Hi Amos
    Yes I think we’re on the same page. All the examples you give are really good. I particularly like Patience Worth. Leonora Piper too. The others I know less about and I am, purely from a personal perspective, less impressed generally by pure clairvoyance than some other types of mediumship – though it is perhaps easier to study because it appears to be much more common.
    Gary Schwarz’s study was very interesting.
    Although for me, clairvoyance lacks the impact of mediumship such as the independence direct voice, there seems to be a lot more of it.

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